Neuromodulation and the Gut–Brain Axis: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Implications for Gastrointestinal and Neurological Disorders

Aljeradat, Baha’ Ghandi Mohammad, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan; Kumar, Danisha, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, Dow Medical College Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan; Abdulmuizz, Sulaiman, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria; Kundu, Mrinmoy, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, OR, India; Almealawy, Yasser F., Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Batarseh, Dima Ratib, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan; Atallah, Oday, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany; Ennabe, Michelle, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Alsarafandi, Muath, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, College of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Alan, Albert, Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ, United States, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States; Weinand, Martin E., University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States