Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Health Economics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre Nigeria, Gombe, Nigeria; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; India Hub NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, Ludhiana, India; Department of Anaesthesia, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Ludhiana, PB, India; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria; Spitali Rajonal Shkoder, Shkoder, Albania; Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Simplemente Evita, Gonzalez Catan, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina; Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, NT, Australia; Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Port Macquarie Base Hospital, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia; Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia; Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh; Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Birdem Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation In Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder General Hospital, Bangladesh; Queen Elizabeth Hospital Bridgetown, Bridgetown, Barbados; Gomel Regional Clinical Hospital, Gomel, Gomel, Belarus; City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus; Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Benin; Clinique Vignon, Benin; Hopital El Fateh, Benin; Hospital Saint Luc, Benin; Princess Marina Hospital, Marina, Botswana; Hopital Militaire De Kamenge, Burundi; World Mate Emergency Hospital, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Clínica CES, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Clinica Las Vegas, Medellin, Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, San Vicente, Colombia; General Hospital Zadar, Zadar, Croatia; Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt; Menoufia University Hospitals, Shibin El Kom, Monufia, Egypt; Beni Suef University Hospital, Beni Suef, Beni Suef, Egypt; Alexandria University Hospitals, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Alexandria University, Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt; Zagazig University, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Sharqia, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt; El-Menshawy General Hospital, El Gharbeya, Egypt; El-Hussein University Hospital, El-Darrasa, Cairo, Egypt; Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha, Egypt; October 6th University Hospital, 6th October, Giza, Egypt; Bab El-Shareia University Hospital, Egypt; The Memorial Soaad Kafafi University Hospital, Egypt; Assiut University, Asyut, Asyut, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Ismailia, Egypt; Smouha University Hospital, Egypt; North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Harju, Estonia; College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Hopital Trousseau, Tours, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France; CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, Occitanie, France; CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France; CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France; CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, Normandie, France; CHU Rouen Normandie, Rouen, Normandie, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Centre Hospitalier Robert Ballanger CHRB, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; CHU Angers, Angers, Pays-de-la-Loire, France; Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Northern, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; St. Particks Hospital, Ghana; Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Baptist Medical Center, Nalerigu, Ghana; Keta Hospital District Hospital, Keta, Ghana; Techiman Holy Family Hospital, Ghana; Berekum Holy Family Hospital, Ghana; Upper West Regional Hospital, Upper West Region, Wa, Ghana; Samapa Government Hospital, Ghana; Upper East Regional Hospital, Bolgatanga, Ghana; St. Mary's Hospital, Ghana; Dominase, Essumejaman Sda Hospital, Dominase, Ghana; Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital, Dormaa Ahenkro, Ghana; Brongho-Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana; Naval and Veterans Hospital, Chania, Greece; General Hospital of Volos, Volos, Greece; Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Nafplio, Nafplion, Greece; G. Gennimatas Hospital, Greece; St. Savvas Cancer Hospital, Greece; General and Maternity Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Larissa General Hospital, Larissa, Greece; Department of Surgery, Aretaio Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece; G. Gennimatas General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; General District Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece; Hospital General San Juan de Dios, San Juan, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala; Juan Josè Arevalo Bermejo, Guatemala; Hospital San Vicente, San Vicente, Guatemala; Hospital Herrera Llerandi, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala; Hopital Universitaire De Mirebalais, Haiti, Haiti; Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India; Excelcare Hospital, Bengaluru, India; Manipal Health Enterprises Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, KA, India; Lady Willingdon Hospital, Manali Kullu District, HP, India; Atma Jaya Hospital, North Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr. Oen Surakarta Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Hadassah University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel; Ospedale di Treviglio, Treviglio, BG, Italy; Department of Colorectal Surgery, S. Rita Clinic, Vercelli, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Mater Domini, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy; St. Antonio Abate Hospital, Gallarate, VA, Italy; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy; Maggiore Hospital, Maggiore, Italy; Nicola Giannettasio Hospital, Rossano, Italy; Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, NA, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure, SV, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Andrea, Rome, RM, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Andrea, Rome, RM, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Alessandro Manzoni, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Cona, FE, Italy; Spedali Civili Di Brescia, Brescia, BS, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, BA, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G Pascale, Napoli, Naples, NA, Italy; Azienda per L'Assistenza Sanitaria N. 5 'Friuli Occidentale', Pordenone, Italy; Azienda Sanitaria Ospedaliera San Luigi Gonzaga, Gonzaga, Italy; Ospedale Di Rho - ASST Rhodense, Rho, MI, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, MI, Italy; Policlinico Umberto I Emergency Surgery Department, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Ospedale Luigi Sacco - Polo Universitario, Milan, MI, Italy; Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, PD, Italy; Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, PD, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, VR, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, FI, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, PA, Italy; Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan; Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; National Cancer Institute, Klaipėdos Universitetas, Klaipeda, Klaipedos, Lithuania; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Republican Hospital of Kaunas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Vilniaus Universitetas, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania; Hospital of Jonava, Jonava, Lithuania; Taurage Hospital, Taurage, Lithuania; University Hospital of Klaipeda, Klaipeda, Lithuania; Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi; Hospital Keningau, Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia; Hospital Kajang, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Selayang Hospital, Selayang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Seremban Hospital, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Mater Dei Hospital, Valletta, VLT, Malta; Hospital Español de Veracruz, Veracruz, MEX, Mexico; Ibn Sina Hospital, Agdal Rabat, Agdal Rabat, Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Morocco; IJsselland Ziekenhuis, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Hospital Escuela Oscar Danilo Rosales Arguello, Nicaragua; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria; Federal Medical Centre Nigeria, Gombe, Nigeria; Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria; Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria; Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria; Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria; Stavanger Universitetssjukehus, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway; Universitetssykehuset Nord-Norge, Tromso, Norway; Oslo Universitetssykehus, Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Sykehuset Telemark, Skien, Telemark, Norway; Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Viken, Norway; Al-Makassed Islamic Charitable Hospital, Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Palestine; Alia Governmental Hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Mizan hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Al-Shifa Hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Bit Hanoun Hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Nasser Hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Beit Jala Governmental Hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Martyr Thabet Govermental hospital, Palestine, Palestine; Indonesian Hospital, Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Allied Hospital Pakistan, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan; The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan; Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Victoria, Pakistan; King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan; Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan; II Cátedra de Clínica Quirúrgica, Hospital de Clínicas, Asuncion, Paraguay; Hospital Nacional Arzopispo Loayza, Peru; Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru; Clínica de Especialidades Médicas, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, La Victoria, Lima, Peru; Hospital Regional de Ayacucho, Ayacucho, Ayacucho, Peru; Hospital III José Cayetano Heredia, EsSalud, Piura, Piura, Peru; Hospital Nacional Maria Auxiliadora, Peru; Hospital Central de la Policía Nacional del Perú, Lima, Lima, Peru; The Medical City, Pasig, Philippines; Department of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines; Department of Genetics, Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny, Warsaw, MA, Poland; Department of Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Małopolska, Poland; Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Porto, Portugal; Spitalul Clinic De Copii Brasov, Brasov, Romania; Spitalul Clinic Judetean Brasov, Brasov, Romania; Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Kibungo Hospital, Rwanda; San Marino State Hospital, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino; Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz Hosp and Oncology Centre, Jeddah, Ash Sharqiyah, Saudi Arabia; King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia; King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Riyad, Saudi Arabia; Clinic for General Surgery, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia; National University Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore; Victoria Hospital Wynberg, Wynberg, South Africa; Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Leratong Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; New Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Stanger Hospital, Stanger, South Africa; Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Potchefstroom Hospital, Potchefstroom, North West, South Africa; Mitchell's Plain District Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa; Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, George, South Africa; Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario San Agustín, Aviles, Asturias, Spain; Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastian de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura, University Surgical Unit, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Joseph N France Hospital, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis; University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan; Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden; Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Mora lasarett, Mora, Dalarna, Sweden; Helsingborgs Lasarett, Helsingborg, Skane, Sweden; Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Vasteras, Sweden; Department of Surgery and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköpings Universitet, Linkoping, Östergötland, Sweden; Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Stockholms, Sweden; Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umea, Vasterbottens, Sweden; Kantonsspital Olten, Olten, Switzerland; Kantonsspital Baden AG, Baden, AG, Switzerland; Davos Hospital, Davos, Switzerland; Bagcilar Research and Training Hospital, Bagcilar, Turkey; Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Okmeydani, Istanbul, Turkey; Bak?rkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Egitim ve Arast?rma Hastanesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi, Samsun, Turkey; Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Trabzon, Turkey; Royal United Hospital, Bath, Avon, United Kingdom; Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Inverclyde Royal Hospital, Greenock, Inverclyde, Scotland, United Kingdom; University Hospital Ayr, Ayr, South Ayrshire, Scotland, United Kingdom; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Pilgrim Hospital Boston, Boston, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom; Victoria Hospital Kirkcaldy, Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom; Perth Royal Infirmary, Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, United Kingdom; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom; Queen's Hospital, BHR University Hospitals NHS Trust, George, United Kingdom; North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom; St George's Hospital, Lincoln, United Kingdom; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom; Western Isles Hospital, Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Na h-Eileanan Siar, Scotland, United Kingdom; Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom; Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny, Gwent, United Kingdom; Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, United Kingdom; University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Maistone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Tunbridge Wells, United Kingdom; Borders General Hospital, Melrose, Scottish Borders, Scotland, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, Down, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; West Middlesex University Hospital, Isleworth, Middlesex, United Kingdom; Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, Stockport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom; Good Hope Hospital, Hope, Suton Coldfield, United Kingdom; Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom; Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom; Whiston Hospital, Prescot, Merseyside, United Kingdom; Darlington Memorial Hospital, Darlington, County Durham, United Kingdom; Worthing Hospital, Worthing, West Sussex, United Kingdom; Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States; UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; John Peter Smith Hospital Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, United States; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States; Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; St Francis Mission Hospital, Zambia; Simplemente Evita, Argentina; Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Cairo, Egypt; AP-HP Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Étienne, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, France; Baptist Medical Centre, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Attica, Greece; Agios Savvas Anticancer Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Hospital Herrera Llerandi Amedesgua, Guatemala; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India; Santa Rita Clinic, Vercelli, VC, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Cona, FE, Italy; Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, BS, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, BA, Italy; Ospedale Luigi Sacco - Polo Universitario, Milan, MI, Italy; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy; Azienda per L'Assistenza Sanitaria N. 5 'Friuli Occidentale', Pordenone, Italy; Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, NA, Italy; Emergency Surgery Department, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Lazio, Italy; Ospedale Di Rho - ASST Rhodense, Rho, MI, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera S. Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, TO, Italy; Taurage County Hospital, Taurage, Lithuania; Rokiskis District Municipality Hospital, Rokiskis, Lithuania; Department of General Surgery, Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas, Kaunas, Kaunas, Lithuania; RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia; Hospital Español de Veracruz, Veracruz, MEX, Mexico; Ibn Sina Hospital, Agdal Rabat, Agdal Rabat, Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Morocco; Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Kaduna, Nigeria; University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria; Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan; Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Lima, Peru; Hospital III José Cayetano Heredia, EsSalud, Piura, Piura, Peru; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda; Joseph N France Hospital, Charlestown, Saint Kitts and Nevis; King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah, Makkah al Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia; Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa; Ondokuz Mayis Üniversitesi, Samsun, Turkey; Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Trabzon, Turkey; Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Alexandra, Worcestershire, United Kingdom